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Parties under Pressure

The Politics of Factions and Party Adaptation

An illuminating investigation into why some parties evolve with their times while others fall behind.

Around the world, established political parties face mounting pressures: insurgents on the Left and Right, altered media environments, new policy challenges, and the erosion of traditional strongholds, to name just a few. Yet parties have differed enormously in their ability to move with the times and update their offers to voters. This variation matters. While adaptation does not guarantee a party’s electoral success, the failure to modernize can spell its decline, even collapse, and create openings for radical and populist parties that may threaten the future of liberal democracy.

Parties under Pressure examines why some parties adapt meaningfully to social, economic, and political transformations while others flounder, focusing especially on the fate of Western Europe’s Christian democratic parties. Matthias Dilling reveals the under-appreciated importance of party factions. While very high levels of factionalism are counter-productive and create paralysis, more moderate levels of factionalism help parties to adapt by giving visibility to fresh groups and ideas. Dilling draws on extensive archival research in Germany, Italy, and Austria, as well as evidence from France, Japan, and beyond. Taking a comparative-historical approach, Parties under Pressure sheds new light on parties’ varying records of adaptive reforms over more than seventy-five years.


320 pages | 20 line drawings, 24 tables | 6 x 9 | © 2024

Political Science: Comparative Politics

Reviews

"The fate of democracy is inextricably linked with political parties. Understanding why only some parties can adapt to major change helps structure our thinking about the future of democracy. Matthias Dilling unpacks parties, focuses on party factions, and comes up with some surprising answers. An important addition to empirical democratic theory."

Stathis N. Kalyvas | University of Oxford

“In this comprehensive account of political parties as collective actors, Dilling questions why some parties adapt to changing times while others fail. Deftly combining organizational approaches to this question with a focus on party factions, Dilling sheds light on parties’ ability to manage competing forces within their own ranks, and thereby remain responsive to social change. Parties Under Pressure combines a new historical comparative analysis with important theoretical contributions, providing an insightful study of factions’ ability to work as both catalysts and breaks on party reform.”

Anika Gauja | University of Sydney

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations
List of Abbreviations

Part I: Problem and Theory
1. The Puzzle: The Varying Substance and Speed of Party Adaptation
2. The Theory: Factionalism, Party Adaptation, and Multilevel Path Dependence

Part II: The Main Cases
3. Italy’s DC: Centralized Leadership Selection, High Factionalism, and Centrifugal Pressure
4. Austria’s ÖVP: Decentralized Leadership Selection, Low Factionalism, and Organizational Rigidity
5. Germany’s CDU: Mixed Leadership Selection, Moderate Factionalism, and Adaptation

Part III: Comparative Perspectives
6. Christian Democratic Adaptation beyond Italy, Austria, and Germany
7. Party Adaptation beyond Post-1990 Christian Democracy

Conclusion: Lessons for the Study of Party Adaptation, Factionalism, and Party Organization
Acknowledgments
Appendixes
Notes
References
Index

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