The Other Dark Matter
The Science and Business of Turning Waste into Wealth and Health
9780226615578
9780226814223
The Other Dark Matter
The Science and Business of Turning Waste into Wealth and Health
Grossly ambitious and rooted in scientific scholarship, The Other Dark Matter shows how human excrement can be a life-saving, money-making resource—if we make better use of it.
The average person produces about four hundred pounds of excrement a year. More than seven billion people live on this planet. Holy crap!
Because of the diseases it spreads, we have learned to distance ourselves from our waste, but the long line of engineering marvels we’ve created to do so—from Roman sewage systems and medieval latrines to the immense, computerized treatment plants we use today—has also done considerable damage to the earth’s ecology. Now scientists tell us: we’ve been wasting our waste. When recycled correctly, this resource, cheap and widely available, can be converted into a sustainable energy source, act as an organic fertilizer, provide effective medicinal therapy for antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection, and much more.
In clear and engaging prose that draws on her extensive research and interviews, Lina Zeldovich documents the massive redistribution of nutrients and sanitation inequities across the globe. She profiles the pioneers of poop upcycling, from startups in African villages to innovators in American cities that convert sewage into fertilizer, biogas, crude oil, and even life-saving medicine. She breaks taboos surrounding sewage disposal and shows how hygienic waste repurposing can help battle climate change, reduce acid rain, and eliminate toxic algal blooms. Ultimately, she implores us to use our innate organic power for the greater good. Don’t just sit there and let it go to waste.
The average person produces about four hundred pounds of excrement a year. More than seven billion people live on this planet. Holy crap!
Because of the diseases it spreads, we have learned to distance ourselves from our waste, but the long line of engineering marvels we’ve created to do so—from Roman sewage systems and medieval latrines to the immense, computerized treatment plants we use today—has also done considerable damage to the earth’s ecology. Now scientists tell us: we’ve been wasting our waste. When recycled correctly, this resource, cheap and widely available, can be converted into a sustainable energy source, act as an organic fertilizer, provide effective medicinal therapy for antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection, and much more.
In clear and engaging prose that draws on her extensive research and interviews, Lina Zeldovich documents the massive redistribution of nutrients and sanitation inequities across the globe. She profiles the pioneers of poop upcycling, from startups in African villages to innovators in American cities that convert sewage into fertilizer, biogas, crude oil, and even life-saving medicine. She breaks taboos surrounding sewage disposal and shows how hygienic waste repurposing can help battle climate change, reduce acid rain, and eliminate toxic algal blooms. Ultimately, she implores us to use our innate organic power for the greater good. Don’t just sit there and let it go to waste.
264 pages | 8 halftones | 6 x 9 | © 2021
Economics and Business: Economics--Agriculture and Natural Resources
Reviews
Table of Contents
Part 1: The History of Human Waste
Chapter 1: How I Learned to Love the Excrement
Chapter 2: The Early History of Human Excreta
Chapter 3: Treasure Night Soil as if It Were Gold!
Chapter 4: The Water Closet Dilemma and the Sewage Farm Paradigm
Chapter 5: Germs, Fertilizer, and the Poop Police
Part 2: The Present: A Sludge Revolution in Progress
Chapter 6: The Great Sewage Time Bomb and the Redistribution of Nutrients on the Planet
Chapter 7: Loowatt, a Loo That Turns Waste into Watts
Chapter 8: The Crap That Cooks Your Dinner and Container-Based Sanitation
Chapter 9: HomeBiogas: Your Personal Digester in a Box
Chapter 10: Made in New York
Chapter 11: Lystek, the Home of Sewage Smoothies
Chapter 12: How DC Water Makes Biosolids BLOOM
Chapter 13: From Biosolids to Biofuels
Part 3: The Future of Medicine and Other Things
Chapter 14: Poop: The Best (and Cheapest) Medicine
Chapter 15: Looking where the Sun Doesn’t Shine
Chapter 16: From the Kindness of One’s Gut: An Insider Look into Stool Banks
Afterword: Breathing Poetry into Poop
Notes
Index
Chapter 1: How I Learned to Love the Excrement
Chapter 2: The Early History of Human Excreta
Chapter 3: Treasure Night Soil as if It Were Gold!
Chapter 4: The Water Closet Dilemma and the Sewage Farm Paradigm
Chapter 5: Germs, Fertilizer, and the Poop Police
Part 2: The Present: A Sludge Revolution in Progress
Chapter 6: The Great Sewage Time Bomb and the Redistribution of Nutrients on the Planet
Chapter 7: Loowatt, a Loo That Turns Waste into Watts
Chapter 8: The Crap That Cooks Your Dinner and Container-Based Sanitation
Chapter 9: HomeBiogas: Your Personal Digester in a Box
Chapter 10: Made in New York
Chapter 11: Lystek, the Home of Sewage Smoothies
Chapter 12: How DC Water Makes Biosolids BLOOM
Chapter 13: From Biosolids to Biofuels
Part 3: The Future of Medicine and Other Things
Chapter 14: Poop: The Best (and Cheapest) Medicine
Chapter 15: Looking where the Sun Doesn’t Shine
Chapter 16: From the Kindness of One’s Gut: An Insider Look into Stool Banks
Afterword: Breathing Poetry into Poop
Notes
Index
Excerpt
Every fall, my grandfather would set off to do two things: prepare our small family farm for the long Russian winter and empty out our septic system.
He would don his sturdy overalls and heavy-duty gloves, both gray as the rainy sky above, tie two old beat-up buckets to long, thick ropes, and head out to the sewer tank buried by the fence surrounding our property. As he opened the pit, ringed with garden weeds and stinging nettles, the stink slowly wafted through the air, settling over our land like a small stomach-turning cloud. Yet my nose would get used to it, and soon I wouldn’t be bothered by it at all. I even wanted to help, but my grandmother wouldn’t let me go near the pit— she was afraid I’d fall in.
Today’s septic tanks can last for years without being emptied, but ours would fill up much more quickly. We could have called a service to empty it, but my grandfather wouldn’t let all those riches go to waste. He had a system...
He poked small holes in the strawberry and tomato patches, where the plants were already shriveled, expecting winter— and poured the goo into them, deep into the earth. He dug little trenches around the apple trees and emptied his buckets onto their roots. And he also dumped a bunch into one of the compost pits, adding it to the already accumulated dead plants, leaves, and our kitchen food scraps. The compost pits operated on a rotating schedule. At the end of the season, he’d close up the current one for a couple of years, leaving it to ferment and bio-degrade. When he opened it again two seasons later, after the snow melted and planting time arrived, all the original biomass was gone. The pit was full of soft, black dirt teeming with fat, lazy earthworms that crawled around slowly, too heavy from gobbling down all that food. The sewage odor was gone, too. Instead, the pit smelled of rich, fertile soil, nature, spring, and the promise of the next harvest. And it made me hungry because I thought of all the food we were going to grow with it...
Today, we may call it organic farming, composting, recycling, or the circular economy. But for him it was, simply, the way of life...
The Russian equivalent of the word “fertilizer” is udobrenie, which comes from the word dobró, meaning “good” and “rich.” Udobrenie meant returning all that good stuff to the earth. Even the common Russian colloquialisms that revolve around the toilet recognize that. When toddlers were being potty trained, we jokingly referred to the moment they had to go as giving out dobró or bogatstvo— “the riches.” I think that’s why I never viewed sewage as waste. I always considered it more of a treasure than a nuisance. If we didn’t return it to the earth, the earth wouldn’t have the stamina to feed us.
I knew that other people, who lived in big apartment buildings, didn’t have septic tanks, but as a child I assumed that their sewage was also somehow returned to the earth...
I soon learned otherwise.
The land we lived on wasn’t entirely ours. My grandfather received the parcel from the Russian airplane factory where he worked as an engineer during World War II...
Thirty years after the airplane factory gave the parcel to my grand-father, the city had grown— and so had the demand for land. The factory took the land back to build apartment buildings to house more workers, who would build more jets. Our village fought back— and lost. The factory moved the displaced families into apartment buildings, demolished their houses, and bulldozed their plots. When the bulldozers roared in, squashing our vegetable patches under their massive steel tracks on a gray autumn day, the sky dropped little beads of water onto us, as if mourning our farm. I wished I could cry with it, but I had no tears left. I just watched our apple trees falling to those angry metal machines like tin soldiers. When they finished, the bulldozers scraped off the rich black topsoil that my grandfather had spent 30 years cultivating and trucked it away to the summer homes of the ruling elite. They wanted not just our land, but our dirt, too. They knew that black dirt was gold. It was black gold.
Our new apartments had flushing toilets and hot water, but did little to help us heal. We grieved for our farm. A month after we moved, I was struck with a rare disorder that gradually took my ability to stand straight and walk. I lay in bed, homeschooled by my parents, slowly losing feelings in my legs. My grandfather’s legs failed him, too, albeit in a different way— he developed bone cancer. We both collapsed like our apple trees, as if someone had pulled our roots from the rich soil that fed us...
A few years later, when my family moved to the United States and settled in New York City, I learned quickly that most people did not know where their sewage went. And they had no desire to know, either. They were quite happy to flush and forget. For a long time, Western society believed this was the way to go. Governments and private companies built big sewage plants with the goal of rendering the matter harmless, but not necessarily reusing it. We destroyed the organic goodness we produced, and we forged synthetic fertilizers to grow our crops. And at the same time, the developing countries kept struggling with disease outbreaks and other sanitation issues stemming from fecal contamination of drinking water. It seemed that neither world could get its shit right. Mother Nature’s link was clearly broken.
And then, in the past decade, I saw the sewage tide turning back. The cultural taboos shrouding toilet habits, human waste, and sewage disposal began to thin. People became interested in what happened after they flushed. The discussions about recycling various kinds of waste pivoted to excrement. We began to talk about recycling poop. Sanitation engineers began to describe wastewater treatment processes as resource recovery activities. Epidemiologists worldwide used sewage to track disease outbreaks.
In 2011, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation issued its Reinvent the Toilet Challenge, asking the world’s brightest minds to redesign our privies to recover valuable resources from our waste, including energy, nutrients, and clean water, and to operate autonomously without connections to sewage treatment plants. Scientists and engineers talked about the value of the circular economy that favored the concept of giving back to the earth. Brave and brilliant startups sprouted all over the world, devising new ways to turn waste into wealth. Environmentalists, entrepreneurs, and organic farmers gradually began to see their excrement as dobró and bogatstvo...
It was as if the world embraced the wisdom that my grandfather followed 70 years ago, when he first built his farm. And that was very exciting. Because once we restore the broken link, we will use less fossil fuel, waste less energy, generate less acid rain, and produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions, fewer bleached corals, and fewer dead fish. Instead, we will clear algal blooms from our waters, slow down global warming, and grow healthier food with the fully organic goodness that we ourselves have produced.
He would don his sturdy overalls and heavy-duty gloves, both gray as the rainy sky above, tie two old beat-up buckets to long, thick ropes, and head out to the sewer tank buried by the fence surrounding our property. As he opened the pit, ringed with garden weeds and stinging nettles, the stink slowly wafted through the air, settling over our land like a small stomach-turning cloud. Yet my nose would get used to it, and soon I wouldn’t be bothered by it at all. I even wanted to help, but my grandmother wouldn’t let me go near the pit— she was afraid I’d fall in.
Today’s septic tanks can last for years without being emptied, but ours would fill up much more quickly. We could have called a service to empty it, but my grandfather wouldn’t let all those riches go to waste. He had a system...
He poked small holes in the strawberry and tomato patches, where the plants were already shriveled, expecting winter— and poured the goo into them, deep into the earth. He dug little trenches around the apple trees and emptied his buckets onto their roots. And he also dumped a bunch into one of the compost pits, adding it to the already accumulated dead plants, leaves, and our kitchen food scraps. The compost pits operated on a rotating schedule. At the end of the season, he’d close up the current one for a couple of years, leaving it to ferment and bio-degrade. When he opened it again two seasons later, after the snow melted and planting time arrived, all the original biomass was gone. The pit was full of soft, black dirt teeming with fat, lazy earthworms that crawled around slowly, too heavy from gobbling down all that food. The sewage odor was gone, too. Instead, the pit smelled of rich, fertile soil, nature, spring, and the promise of the next harvest. And it made me hungry because I thought of all the food we were going to grow with it...
Today, we may call it organic farming, composting, recycling, or the circular economy. But for him it was, simply, the way of life...
The Russian equivalent of the word “fertilizer” is udobrenie, which comes from the word dobró, meaning “good” and “rich.” Udobrenie meant returning all that good stuff to the earth. Even the common Russian colloquialisms that revolve around the toilet recognize that. When toddlers were being potty trained, we jokingly referred to the moment they had to go as giving out dobró or bogatstvo— “the riches.” I think that’s why I never viewed sewage as waste. I always considered it more of a treasure than a nuisance. If we didn’t return it to the earth, the earth wouldn’t have the stamina to feed us.
I knew that other people, who lived in big apartment buildings, didn’t have septic tanks, but as a child I assumed that their sewage was also somehow returned to the earth...
I soon learned otherwise.
The land we lived on wasn’t entirely ours. My grandfather received the parcel from the Russian airplane factory where he worked as an engineer during World War II...
Thirty years after the airplane factory gave the parcel to my grand-father, the city had grown— and so had the demand for land. The factory took the land back to build apartment buildings to house more workers, who would build more jets. Our village fought back— and lost. The factory moved the displaced families into apartment buildings, demolished their houses, and bulldozed their plots. When the bulldozers roared in, squashing our vegetable patches under their massive steel tracks on a gray autumn day, the sky dropped little beads of water onto us, as if mourning our farm. I wished I could cry with it, but I had no tears left. I just watched our apple trees falling to those angry metal machines like tin soldiers. When they finished, the bulldozers scraped off the rich black topsoil that my grandfather had spent 30 years cultivating and trucked it away to the summer homes of the ruling elite. They wanted not just our land, but our dirt, too. They knew that black dirt was gold. It was black gold.
Our new apartments had flushing toilets and hot water, but did little to help us heal. We grieved for our farm. A month after we moved, I was struck with a rare disorder that gradually took my ability to stand straight and walk. I lay in bed, homeschooled by my parents, slowly losing feelings in my legs. My grandfather’s legs failed him, too, albeit in a different way— he developed bone cancer. We both collapsed like our apple trees, as if someone had pulled our roots from the rich soil that fed us...
A few years later, when my family moved to the United States and settled in New York City, I learned quickly that most people did not know where their sewage went. And they had no desire to know, either. They were quite happy to flush and forget. For a long time, Western society believed this was the way to go. Governments and private companies built big sewage plants with the goal of rendering the matter harmless, but not necessarily reusing it. We destroyed the organic goodness we produced, and we forged synthetic fertilizers to grow our crops. And at the same time, the developing countries kept struggling with disease outbreaks and other sanitation issues stemming from fecal contamination of drinking water. It seemed that neither world could get its shit right. Mother Nature’s link was clearly broken.
And then, in the past decade, I saw the sewage tide turning back. The cultural taboos shrouding toilet habits, human waste, and sewage disposal began to thin. People became interested in what happened after they flushed. The discussions about recycling various kinds of waste pivoted to excrement. We began to talk about recycling poop. Sanitation engineers began to describe wastewater treatment processes as resource recovery activities. Epidemiologists worldwide used sewage to track disease outbreaks.
In 2011, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation issued its Reinvent the Toilet Challenge, asking the world’s brightest minds to redesign our privies to recover valuable resources from our waste, including energy, nutrients, and clean water, and to operate autonomously without connections to sewage treatment plants. Scientists and engineers talked about the value of the circular economy that favored the concept of giving back to the earth. Brave and brilliant startups sprouted all over the world, devising new ways to turn waste into wealth. Environmentalists, entrepreneurs, and organic farmers gradually began to see their excrement as dobró and bogatstvo...
It was as if the world embraced the wisdom that my grandfather followed 70 years ago, when he first built his farm. And that was very exciting. Because once we restore the broken link, we will use less fossil fuel, waste less energy, generate less acid rain, and produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions, fewer bleached corals, and fewer dead fish. Instead, we will clear algal blooms from our waters, slow down global warming, and grow healthier food with the fully organic goodness that we ourselves have produced.