Haeckel’s Embryos
Images, Evolution, and Fraud
- Contents
- Review Quotes
- Awards
Table of Contents
Contents
1 Icons of Knowledge
2 Two Small Embryos in Spirits of Wine
3 Like Flies on the Parlor Ceiling
4 Drawing and Darwinism
5 Illustrating the Magic Word
6 Professors and Progress
7 Visual Strategies
8 Schematics, Forgery, and the So-Called Educated
9 Imperial Grids
10 Setting Standards
11 Forbidden Fruit
12 Creative Copying
13 Trials and Tributes
14 Scandal for the People
15 A Hundred Haeckels
16 The Textbook Illustration
17 Iconoclasm
18 The Shock of the Copy
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Notes
Works Cited
Index
Review Quotes
London Review of Books
"Hopwood’s book is a richly illustrated and staggeringly detailed story of how Haeckel’s embryo pictures came to be, how they were mobilised as resources in scientific and ideological causes, how versions of the grid picture were copied, recopied and modified, how their accuracy was vigorously disputed by some and defended by others, and how they continue to circulate—still relevant and still contentious—today....There is no more focused account of the subtle and complex relationships between scientific images and what they represent."
Nature
"Rarely have images proved so incendiary as the embryo drawings of nineteenth-century experimental zoologist Ernst Haeckel. In this lavishly illustrated volume, Hopwood traces the chequered history of the sketches, which showed similarities between embryos of higher and lower vertebrates, including humans, at particular points in their development. Haeckel intended the images as support for Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory, but under attack revealed that they were schematics. Hopwood meticulously charts how, despite the controversy, the drawings took on a life of their own."
New Scientist
"Sumptuous. . . . Hopwood's excellent, thought-provoking book makes us ponder how these erroneous illustrations acquired their iconic status, and, above all, it shines a spotlight on the power of drawings to influence our thinking."
Publishers Weekly
"Hopwood raises important questions (particularly pertinent to the modern era of viral memes) about the teaching of empirical science and the bringing of complex scientific ideas to the public, the 'boundary of popular literature and specialist work,' the relationship between the observer as accurate reporter and as artist, and the line beyond which schematization for didactic or rhetorical effect becomes deliberately misleading."
Medical History
"Haeckel's Embryos is a magnificent scholarly tour de force...an outstanding piece of work and a delight to study."
Public Understanding of Science
"[E]very historian of science dreams of writing a book like Haeckel’s Embryos...[T]his is not only a book about the history of a classic scientific image, but a book about survival and power of images in science, even today."
Library Journal
"Detailed, well documented, and rich with illustrations. It is likely to be of most value to those with interests in developmental biology, embryology, the history of attacks on evolution, or the history of scientific publication."
American Biology Teacher
“This book is fun to read, chock-full of exhaustive detail made palatable by entertaining turns of phrase, word pictures, and puns.… I found myself fully engaged and repeatedly chuckling over Hopwood’s wordsmithery. Then, on practically every page, I was forced to loiter and savor the beauty of the historical plates and images. Through it all, I learned so much. Haeckel’s Embryos is a wonderful book.”
History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences
"Haeckel’s Embryos is a big book bursting with ideas about visuality, scientific images, evidence, hypotheses, objectivity, and controversy, with striking pictures...on nearly every page. An important contribution to the history of scientific illustration and visual culture, and a must-read for anyone wishing to form any substantive conclusion about the place of Haeckel and his contributions in evolutionary science and popular culture."
British Journal for the History of Science
"Not only does Hopwood’s book address a broad audience, it also proves engaging throughout its 388 pages due to its numerous images and clarity. Additionally, the book does not appear to be too technical, but in fact is a valuable scientific contribution to the literature on Haeckel’s diagrams, and a very enjoyable one."
English Historical Review
"In this book, Hopwood masterfully reconstructs a set of three related controversies regarding Ernst Haeckel’s infamous diagrams comparing the embryos of different species. While there is a substantial literature on scientific controversy and a growing literature on scientific fraud, there is nothing quite like this book: Hopwood’s is an exciting and original contribution that cuts across the history of biology, the study of visual representation, science education and the intersection of science, politics and religion."
East Asian Science, Technology and Society
"Haeckel’s Embryos is a well-balanced illustrative account offering a meticulous study of the history of Haeckel’s embryo image and its controversies. A range of readers could benefit from Hopwood’s engaging writing. For general readers who are not familiar with Haeckel or the debates about embryology and Darwinism in the post-Darwinian era, this book is a good reference work for understanding their context in modern Western society, especially in Germany and the United States. For readers who are interested in popular science or the visual culture of sciences, this book provides rich material for exploring how visualization plays a vital role in the dissemination of knowledge and the ways in which particular scientific images become persistent and even iconic."
Metascience
"Hopwood’s impressive exegesis of Ernst Haeckel’s infamous embryo plates is a strong example of current research at the interstices of the history of science and visual culture. Moving deftly between scientific theory, cultural and political polemics, the radicalisation of public education, and the development of the scientific community and its methods of standardisation, Hopwood takes us on an intellectual tour not only of a key scientific period but also of some of the most highoctane moments in the political history of the late nineteenth century."
SHARP DeLong Book History Book Prize Commendation
"The book - a beautiful object, as well as a thought-provoking read - tells the story of how the Darwinist Ernst Haeckel's famous drawings of embryos shaped the course of modern science, despite contemporary and current accusations of fraud. Hopwood's research is wide-ranging, leading us confidently through the politics and practices of embryology as well as of book design, and raising pressing questions about the use and spread of images in print and manuscript. Rooted in the history of science, Haeckel's Embryos demonstrates the gains to be made by disciplines beyond our own when they turn to the tools of book history to ask big questions about the reproduction and dissemination of ideas."
Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte
“Hopwood raises the discussion of Haeckel’s embryos to a completely new discursive and iconographical level...in a wonderfully written and illustrated book. … Hopwood’s account is distinguished by the greatest possible completeness, exactitude and objectivity; he wants to understand Haeckel and also his enemies, not accuse them. Every sentence, nay every word, is carefully considered and balanced. It is fascinating to see how, on the one hand, these pictures developed a life of their own independent of their author…and, on the other, the discourse of forgery gained momentum, so that Haeckel was frequently perceived as a fraudster…although he was never put on trial. Hopwood discusses significant questions in the history of biology in the last two hundred years, illuminates the various roles of scientific images in different contexts and does not ignore the question of morality in natural science. This broad spectrum of content, combined with Hopwood’s restrained but at the same time masterly presentation, makes Haeckel’s Embryos a standard work in the history of biology and a shining example for the analysis of scientific images."
American Historical Review
"Haeckel’s Embryos is a beautiful visual feast and a model for how to do detailed yet accessible history of science.... Hopwood succeeds on many levels, and the University of Chicago Press should be commended for producing a book that prioritizes the aesthetics of these images. It will appeal to specialists in the history of biology, scientific image production, and the history of science and religion. Even non-specialists will find this an impressive, good-looking, eye-opening commentary on the power of imagery, science, politics, and the persistent attempts of nonexperts to delegitimize scientific expertise. It deserves to be widely read and assigned, especially given our current anti-expert sociopolitical climate."
Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences
"Through eighteen chapters of beautifully illustrated text, Hopwood lays out the unfolding landscape of scientific, social, and political factors that led Haeckel to create his images for public consumption, as well as the rounds of debates that have dogged these images since their first appearance in print. . . . Hopwood does a good job of giving his reader a glimpse into the manufacture of Haeckel’s images, and in so doing, gives a fresh perspective on the controversy surrounding Haeckel’s famous embryos."
Archives of Natural History
"Hopwood expertly attends to the nitty-gritty of the story: printing technologies and conventions of drawing, university politics and personal networks. Haeckel’s Embryos is one of the more exciting history books I have read for a long time. Hopwood is a scrupulous researcher and writer, and his use of images recapitulates that of Haeckel: the lavish visual materials (202 colour plates, 2 tables) serve not as illustrations to the story, but also as historical evidence. In Haeckel’s Embryos, Hopwood’s images show us something new, again and again."
Quarterly Review of Biology
"Any biologist interested in Haeckel’s comparative embryo illustrations will find this book an interesting read, and will discover, as I did, that they learn important new things about the history of science."
Isis
"Historically meticulous and acute...An accomplished book—handsome in design and impressive in execution."
Bulletin of the History of Medicine
"Highly recommended not only for professional studies but for the general enjoyment of Haeckel’s and his contemporaries’ illustrations."
H-Soz-und-Kult
“Nick Hopwood’s book will certainly be welcomed not only by specialist historians of science, but also by a wider public interested in science. … [I]t maintains a fluent style, intelligible for readers with no background in the subject."
Sander Gliboff | Journal of Modern History
"Hopwood’s book capitalizes on recent trends in the historiography of science that move away from the traditional emphasis on scientific ideas and toward analyses of scientists’ political and cultural interests, scientific practices and material culture, the history of the book and printing, and visual representation. He shows us the power of these approaches by bringing them all to bear on a puzzling historical case and a set of images with a long afterlife of changing meanings and uses."
N.T.M.
“[Hopwood’s] book shows two things especially impressively: the often hidden and precisely for that reason so effective influence of past pictures on today's ideas, and the indispensability of the appropriate contextualization of historical artefacts....Pictures have their own lives, hard for even their makers to control. Anyone who doubted that will change their minds after reading this book.”
Der Standard
“A splendid book … of which a German translation would be desirable.”
Gesnerus
"Haeckel’s Embryos captivates through the seemingly inexhaustible number of pictures and a narrative style that brings every moment to life."
Nuncius
“The story of Haeckel’s embryos has been told many times, …yet, this volume represents the most complete and detailed account of it, rich in facts and illustrations, so that we can perhaps consider it as the definitive version of a thrilling case in the history of science.”
Sudhoffs Archiv
"The high-grade book design and the attractive quality of the illustrations are in every way the equal of Haeckel’s Art Forms in Nature … Anyone who wants to gain a quick and good-value understanding of this interesting topic in the history of biology should take a look at this clearly and readably written book."
Common Knowledge
"Hopwood’s investigation of Haeckel's embryo images is all that the images themselves have been: arresting, rhetorically powerful, beautifully illustrated, and perplexing, but this time in the best possible sense. Hopwood leaves the reader in a state of productive uncertainty about things concerning which one should beware of being too sure.”
Michael R. Dietrich, coeditor of Outsider Scientists: Routes to Innovation in Biology
"This book masterfully reconstructs the controversies surrounding Ernst Haeckel’s infamous diagrams comparing the embryos of different species. Hopwood’s powerful and compelling narrative reveals how these images became enmeshed in fundamental questions about visual representation, scientific fraud, relations between science and religion, and interactions between scientists and their publics. Haeckel’s Embryos is a transformative study of scientific controversy that should be required reading for every student of science.”
Ronald L. Numbers, author of Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths about Science and Religion
"Ernst Haeckel, the best known German Darwinist of his day, was also the most controversial. For nearly a century and a half his widely circulated series of animal and human embryos, illustrating common descent, have prompted charges of forgery and fraud from scientific, religious, and political critics. Antievolutionists, especially advocates of intelligent design, have been among his most outspoken detractors. One can only hope that Hopwood’s scrupulously researched and evenhandedly argued book will finally lay these longstanding controversies to rest."
Lynn K. Nyhart, Vilas-Bablitch-Kelch Distinguished Achievement Professor, History of Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison
"Hopwood has written a meticulous and engaging history that sets a high bar for future print and visual culture studies. Haeckel’s Embryos shows the material, intellectual, and cultural conditions under which the hidden is rendered visible and the visible rendered standard, amidst contestation at every turn. Open it, and—after you have recovered from its spectacular images—read it, for this is history of science at its best."
Trevor Pinch, Cornell University
"Certain images in science capture the imagination and take on a life of their own. In this excellent book, surely the definitive account of the afterlife of scientific images, Hopwood examines the most iconic pictures of vertebrate embryos, those first produced by German evolutionist Ernst Haeckel in 1868. These images have been repeatedly caught up in anti-Darwinist debates and to this day have been subject to charges of scientific fraud. In tracking Haeckel’s embryos, Hopwood restores the full sound and fury of history to the act of looking at what humans are and where we came from."
British Society for the History of Science: Pickstone Prize
Short Listed
SHARP: SHARP-DeLong Book History Prize
Honorable Mention
History of Science Society: Suzanne J. Levinson Prize
Won
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