The Craft of Research, Fifth Edition
Fifth Edition
9780226826677
9780226833880
9780226826660
The Craft of Research, Fifth Edition
Fifth Edition
A thoroughly updated edition of a beloved classic that has guided generations of researchers in conducting effective and meaningful research.
With more than a million copies sold since its first publication, The Craft of Research has helped generations of researchers at every level—from high-school students and first-year undergraduates to advanced graduate students to researchers in business and government. Conceived by seasoned researchers and educators Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams, this fundamental work explains how to choose significant topics, pose genuine and productive questions, find and evaluate sources, build sound and compelling arguments, and convey those arguments effectively to others.
While preserving the book’s proven approach to the research process, as well as its general structure and accessible voice, this new edition acknowledges the many ways research is conducted and communicated today. Thoroughly revised by Joseph Bizup and William T. FitzGerald, it recognizes that research may lead to a product other than a paper—or no product at all—and includes a new chapter about effective presentations. It features fresh examples from a variety of fields that will appeal to today’s students and other readers. It also accounts for new technologies used in research and offers basic guidelines for the appropriate use of generative AI. And it ends with an expanded chapter on ethics that addresses researchers’ broader obligations to their research communities and audiences as well as systemic questions about ethical research practices.
This new edition will be welcomed by a new and more diverse generation of researchers.
With more than a million copies sold since its first publication, The Craft of Research has helped generations of researchers at every level—from high-school students and first-year undergraduates to advanced graduate students to researchers in business and government. Conceived by seasoned researchers and educators Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams, this fundamental work explains how to choose significant topics, pose genuine and productive questions, find and evaluate sources, build sound and compelling arguments, and convey those arguments effectively to others.
While preserving the book’s proven approach to the research process, as well as its general structure and accessible voice, this new edition acknowledges the many ways research is conducted and communicated today. Thoroughly revised by Joseph Bizup and William T. FitzGerald, it recognizes that research may lead to a product other than a paper—or no product at all—and includes a new chapter about effective presentations. It features fresh examples from a variety of fields that will appeal to today’s students and other readers. It also accounts for new technologies used in research and offers basic guidelines for the appropriate use of generative AI. And it ends with an expanded chapter on ethics that addresses researchers’ broader obligations to their research communities and audiences as well as systemic questions about ethical research practices.
This new edition will be welcomed by a new and more diverse generation of researchers.
368 pages | 19 halftones, 6 line drawings, 7 tables | 5 1/2 x 8 1/2 | © 2024
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Table of Contents
Preface: The Aims of This Edition
Introduction: Your Research and Your Audience
I.1. What Is Research?
I.2. Connecting with Your Audience
I.3. Understanding Your Role
I.4. Imagining the Role of Your Audience
I.5. How to Use This Book
Quick Tip: A Checklist for Understanding Your Audience
Part I. Asking Questions, Seeking Answers
Prologue: Planning Your Project—An Overview
Quick Tip: Sustaining a Writing Project Alone and in Groups
1. From Topics to Questions
1.1. From an Interest to a Topic
1.2. From Focused Topic to Research Question
1.3. The Most Significant Question: So What?
Quick Tip: Finding Topics
2. From Questions to a Problem
2.1. Understanding Research Problems
2.2. Distinguishing “Pure” and “Applied” Research
2.3. Connecting Research to Practical Consequences
2.4. Finding a Good Research Problem
2.5. Learning to Work with Problems
Quick Tip: Making an Opportunity of Inexperience
Part II. Sources and Resources
Prologue: Sources and Authentic Research
3. Finding and Evaluating Sources
3.1. Understanding Three Types of Sources
3.2. Making the Most of the Library
3.3. Locating Sources Online
3.4. Evaluating Sources for Relevance and Reliability
3.5. Looking Beyond Predictable Sources
3.6. Using People to Further Your Research
Quick Tip: Using Generative Artificial Intelligence
4. Engaging Sources
4.1. Recording Complete Bibliographic Information
4.2. Engaging Sources Actively
4.3. Reading for a Problem
4.4. Reading for Arguments
4.5. Reading for Data and Support
4.6. Taking Notes Systematically
4.7. Annotating Your Sources
Quick Tip: Managing Moments of Uncertainty
Part III. Making Your Argument
Prologue: Assembling a Research Argument
5. Making Good Arguments: An Overview
5.1. Argument as Conversation
5.2. Assembling the Core of Your Argument
5.3. Explaining Your Reasoning with Warrants
5.4. Acknowledging and Responding to Anticipated Questions and Objections
5.5. Planning Your Research Argument
5.6. Creating Your Ethos
Quick Tip: A Common Mistake—Falling Back on What You Know
6. Making Claims
6.1. Determining the Kind of Claim You Should Make
6.2. Evaluating Your Claim
6.3. Qualifying Claims to Enhance Your Credibility
Quick Tip: Make Your Claim Contestable
7. Assembling Reasons and Evidence
7.1. Using Reasons to Plan Your Argument
7.2. Distinguishing Evidence from Reasons
7.3. Determining the Kind of Evidence You Need
7.4. Distinguishing Evidence from Reports of It
7.5. Evaluating Your Evidence
Quick Tip: Assess Your Evidence as You Gather It
8. Warrants
8.1. Warrants in Everyday Reasoning
8.2. Warrants in Research Arguments
8.3. Testing Warrants
8.4. Knowing When to State a Warrant
8.5. Using Warrants to Test Your Argument
8.6. Challenging Others’ Warrants
Quick Tip: Reasons, Evidence, and Warrants
9. Acknowledgments and Responses
9.1. Questions about Your Research Problem
9.2. Questions about the Soundness of Your Argument
9.3. Imagining Alternatives to Your Argument
9.4. Deciding What to Acknowledge
9.5. Framing Your Responses as Sub-arguments
9.6. The Vocabulary of Acknowledgment and Response
Quick Tip: Three Predictable Disagreements
Part IV. Delivering Your Argument
Prologue: Planning, Writing, and Thinking
10. Planning and Drafting
10.1. Why a Formal Paper?
10.2. Planning Your Paper
10.3. Avoiding Three Common but Flawed Patterns
10.4. Turning Your Plan into a Draft
Quick Tip: Managing Anxiety as a Writer
11. Revising and Organizing
11.1. Thinking Like a Reader
11.2. Revising Your Frame
11.3. Revising Your Argument
11.4. Revising Your Organization
11.5. Checking Your Paragraphs
11.6. Letting Your Draft Cool, Then Revisiting It
Quick Tip: Abstracts
12. Incorporating Sources
12.1. Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting
12.2. Creating a Fair Summary
12.3. Creating a Fair Paraphrase
12.4. Using Direct Quotations
12.5. Mixing Summary, Paraphrase, and Quotation
12.6. Showing Readers How Evidence Is Relevant
12.7. The Social Importance of Citing Sources
12.8. Four Common Citation Styles
12.9. Guarding against Inadvertent Plagiarism
Quick Tip: Indicating Citations in Your Paper
13. Communicating Evidence Visually
13.1. Choosing Visual or Verbal Representations
13.2. Choosing the Most Effective Graphic
13.3. Designing Tables, Charts, and Graphs
13.4. Specific Guidelines for Tables, Bar Charts, and Line Graphs
13.5. Representing Data Ethically
Quick Tip: Look for Opportunities to Include Visual Evidence
14. Introductions and Conclusions
14.1. The Common Structure of Introductions
14.2. Step 1: Stating a Context
14.3. Step 2: Stating Your Problem
14.4. Step 3: Stating Your Response
14.5. Setting the Right Pace
14.6. Finding Your First Few Words
14.7. Writing Your Conclusion
Quick Tip: Use Key Terms in Titles
15. Revising Style: Telling Your Story Clearly
15.1. Judging Style
15.2. The First Two Principles of Clear Writing
15.3. A Third Principle: Old before New
15.4. Choosing between the Active and Passive Voice
15.5. A Final Principle: Complexity Last
15.6. Editorial Polish
Quick Tip: The Quickest Revision Strategy
16. Research Presentations
16.1. Presenting to Auditors
16.2. Giving a Preliminary Presentation
16.3. Giving a Final Presentation
Quick Tip: Treat Your Presentation as a Performance
Part V. Some Last Considerations
17. The Ethics of Research
17.1. Ethical Obligation to Yourself
17.2. Ethical Obligation to Your Audience and Fellow Researchers
17.3. Research and Social Responsibility
17.4. A Final Thought
18. Advice for Teachers
18.1. The Risks of Imposing Formal Rules
18.2. On Assignment Scenarios: Creating a Ground for Curiosity
18.3. Recognizing and Tolerating the Inevitable Messiness of Learning
Our Debts
Appendix: A Brief Guide to Bibliographic and Other Resources
Index
Introduction: Your Research and Your Audience
I.1. What Is Research?
I.2. Connecting with Your Audience
I.3. Understanding Your Role
I.4. Imagining the Role of Your Audience
I.5. How to Use This Book
Quick Tip: A Checklist for Understanding Your Audience
Part I. Asking Questions, Seeking Answers
Prologue: Planning Your Project—An Overview
Quick Tip: Sustaining a Writing Project Alone and in Groups
1. From Topics to Questions
1.1. From an Interest to a Topic
1.2. From Focused Topic to Research Question
1.3. The Most Significant Question: So What?
Quick Tip: Finding Topics
2. From Questions to a Problem
2.1. Understanding Research Problems
2.2. Distinguishing “Pure” and “Applied” Research
2.3. Connecting Research to Practical Consequences
2.4. Finding a Good Research Problem
2.5. Learning to Work with Problems
Quick Tip: Making an Opportunity of Inexperience
Part II. Sources and Resources
Prologue: Sources and Authentic Research
3. Finding and Evaluating Sources
3.1. Understanding Three Types of Sources
3.2. Making the Most of the Library
3.3. Locating Sources Online
3.4. Evaluating Sources for Relevance and Reliability
3.5. Looking Beyond Predictable Sources
3.6. Using People to Further Your Research
Quick Tip: Using Generative Artificial Intelligence
4. Engaging Sources
4.1. Recording Complete Bibliographic Information
4.2. Engaging Sources Actively
4.3. Reading for a Problem
4.4. Reading for Arguments
4.5. Reading for Data and Support
4.6. Taking Notes Systematically
4.7. Annotating Your Sources
Quick Tip: Managing Moments of Uncertainty
Part III. Making Your Argument
Prologue: Assembling a Research Argument
5. Making Good Arguments: An Overview
5.1. Argument as Conversation
5.2. Assembling the Core of Your Argument
5.3. Explaining Your Reasoning with Warrants
5.4. Acknowledging and Responding to Anticipated Questions and Objections
5.5. Planning Your Research Argument
5.6. Creating Your Ethos
Quick Tip: A Common Mistake—Falling Back on What You Know
6. Making Claims
6.1. Determining the Kind of Claim You Should Make
6.2. Evaluating Your Claim
6.3. Qualifying Claims to Enhance Your Credibility
Quick Tip: Make Your Claim Contestable
7. Assembling Reasons and Evidence
7.1. Using Reasons to Plan Your Argument
7.2. Distinguishing Evidence from Reasons
7.3. Determining the Kind of Evidence You Need
7.4. Distinguishing Evidence from Reports of It
7.5. Evaluating Your Evidence
Quick Tip: Assess Your Evidence as You Gather It
8. Warrants
8.1. Warrants in Everyday Reasoning
8.2. Warrants in Research Arguments
8.3. Testing Warrants
8.4. Knowing When to State a Warrant
8.5. Using Warrants to Test Your Argument
8.6. Challenging Others’ Warrants
Quick Tip: Reasons, Evidence, and Warrants
9. Acknowledgments and Responses
9.1. Questions about Your Research Problem
9.2. Questions about the Soundness of Your Argument
9.3. Imagining Alternatives to Your Argument
9.4. Deciding What to Acknowledge
9.5. Framing Your Responses as Sub-arguments
9.6. The Vocabulary of Acknowledgment and Response
Quick Tip: Three Predictable Disagreements
Part IV. Delivering Your Argument
Prologue: Planning, Writing, and Thinking
10. Planning and Drafting
10.1. Why a Formal Paper?
10.2. Planning Your Paper
10.3. Avoiding Three Common but Flawed Patterns
10.4. Turning Your Plan into a Draft
Quick Tip: Managing Anxiety as a Writer
11. Revising and Organizing
11.1. Thinking Like a Reader
11.2. Revising Your Frame
11.3. Revising Your Argument
11.4. Revising Your Organization
11.5. Checking Your Paragraphs
11.6. Letting Your Draft Cool, Then Revisiting It
Quick Tip: Abstracts
12. Incorporating Sources
12.1. Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting
12.2. Creating a Fair Summary
12.3. Creating a Fair Paraphrase
12.4. Using Direct Quotations
12.5. Mixing Summary, Paraphrase, and Quotation
12.6. Showing Readers How Evidence Is Relevant
12.7. The Social Importance of Citing Sources
12.8. Four Common Citation Styles
12.9. Guarding against Inadvertent Plagiarism
Quick Tip: Indicating Citations in Your Paper
13. Communicating Evidence Visually
13.1. Choosing Visual or Verbal Representations
13.2. Choosing the Most Effective Graphic
13.3. Designing Tables, Charts, and Graphs
13.4. Specific Guidelines for Tables, Bar Charts, and Line Graphs
13.5. Representing Data Ethically
Quick Tip: Look for Opportunities to Include Visual Evidence
14. Introductions and Conclusions
14.1. The Common Structure of Introductions
14.2. Step 1: Stating a Context
14.3. Step 2: Stating Your Problem
14.4. Step 3: Stating Your Response
14.5. Setting the Right Pace
14.6. Finding Your First Few Words
14.7. Writing Your Conclusion
Quick Tip: Use Key Terms in Titles
15. Revising Style: Telling Your Story Clearly
15.1. Judging Style
15.2. The First Two Principles of Clear Writing
15.3. A Third Principle: Old before New
15.4. Choosing between the Active and Passive Voice
15.5. A Final Principle: Complexity Last
15.6. Editorial Polish
Quick Tip: The Quickest Revision Strategy
16. Research Presentations
16.1. Presenting to Auditors
16.2. Giving a Preliminary Presentation
16.3. Giving a Final Presentation
Quick Tip: Treat Your Presentation as a Performance
Part V. Some Last Considerations
17. The Ethics of Research
17.1. Ethical Obligation to Yourself
17.2. Ethical Obligation to Your Audience and Fellow Researchers
17.3. Research and Social Responsibility
17.4. A Final Thought
18. Advice for Teachers
18.1. The Risks of Imposing Formal Rules
18.2. On Assignment Scenarios: Creating a Ground for Curiosity
18.3. Recognizing and Tolerating the Inevitable Messiness of Learning
Our Debts
Appendix: A Brief Guide to Bibliographic and Other Resources
Index
