Between Mussolini and Hitler
The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia
9781584652281
Distributed for Brandeis University Press
Between Mussolini and Hitler
The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia
The Nazi invasion of Poland in 1939 plunged the world into its second global conflict. The Third Reich’s attack, mounted without consulting its Italian ally, had other reverberations as well. Chief among them was Mussolini’s decision to conduct a "parallel war" based on his own tactical and political agendas. Against this backdrop, Daniel Carpi depicts the fate of some 5000 Jews in Tunisia and as many as 30,000 in southeastern France, all of whom came under the aegis of the Italian Fascist regime early in the war. Many were unskilled immigrants: still others were political refugees, activists, or anti-fascist emigres, the fuoriusciti who fled oppression in Italy only to find themselves under its rule once again after the fall of France. While the Fascist regime disagreed with Hitler’s final solution for the "Jewish problem," it also saw actions by Vichy French police or German security forces against Jews in Italian-controlled regions as an erosion of Rome’s power. Thus, although these Jews were not free from oppression, Carpi shows that as long as Italy maintained control over them its consular officials were able to block the arrests and mass deportations occurring elsewhere.
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgments• Introduction • NORTHERN FRANCE: THE OCCUPIED ZONE (JUNE 1940-SEPTEMBER 1943) • Social Discrimination and Economic Restrictions (June 1940-June 1942) • The Massive Manhunts and the Deportation to the East (July-November 1942) • The Last Days of Italy’s Axis Partnership (November 1942-September 1943) • SOUTHERN FRANCE (JUNE 1940-SEPTEMBER 1943) • The Unoccupied Zone (June 1940-November 1942) • The Italian Occupation Zone: The First Days (November-December 1942) •The Struggle over the Fate of the Jewish Refugees in the Italian Occupation Zone (January-February 1943) • The Italian "Race Police" in Nice (March-July 1943) • The Forty-five Days of the Badoglio Government (25 July-8 September 1943) • TUNISIA (JUNE 1940-MAY 1943) • General Background • In the Shadow of Vichy Government Policy (June 1940-November 1942) • Under the Heel of the Axis Army (9 November 1942-13 May 1943) • Conclusions • Notes • Bibliography • Index
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