The Invention of Madness

State, Society, and the Insane in Modern China

Emily Baum

The Invention of Madness (High Resolution)

Emily Baum

Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute

Paper $37.50 ISBN: 9780226558240 Published November 2018

Cloth $112.50 ISBN: 9780226580616 Published November 2018

E-book $10.00 to $37.50 About E-books ISBN: 9780226580753 Published November 2018

Throughout most of history, in China the insane were kept within the home and treated by healers who claimed no specialized knowledge of their condition. In the first decade of the twentieth century, however, psychiatric ideas and institutions began to influence longstanding beliefs about the proper treatment for the mentally ill. In The Invention of Madness, Emily Baum traces a genealogy of insanity from the turn of the century to the onset of war with Japan in 1937, revealing the complex and convoluted ways in which “madness” was transformed in the Chinese imagination into “mental illness.”

Focusing on typically marginalized historical actors, including municipal functionaries and the urban poor, The Invention of Madness shifts our attention from the elite desire for modern medical care to the ways in which psychiatric discourses were implemented and redeployed in the midst of everyday life. New meanings and practices of madness, Baum argues, were not just imposed on the Beijing public but continuously invented by a range of people in ways that reflected their own needs and interests. Exhaustively researched and theoretically informed, The Invention of Madness is an innovative contribution to medical history, urban studies, and the social history of twentieth-century China.

Table of Contents

Contents
Review Quotes

Contents

Acknowledgments
Introduction

1 Contracting the “Mad Illness”
2 The Birth of the Chinese Asylum, 1901–1918
3 The Institutionalization of Madness, 1910s–1920s
4 The Psychiatric Entrepreneur, 1920s–1930s
5 From Madness to Mental Illness, 1928–1935
6 Mental Hygiene and Political Control, 1928–1937
7 Between the Mad and the Mentally Ill

Conclusion
Glossary of Chinese Terms
Notes
Bibliography
Index

Review Quotes

Bulletin of the History of Medicine

"An erudite piece of scholarship that brings into sharp relief the role of Chinese madness for the literature on the history of medicine. . . . Her writing weaves together seemingly disparate facts into a compelling and accessible narrative. . . . Baum adroitly probes how the Chinese denoted and constructed native terms for madness. . . . An exemplary standard to judge the invention of madness in China."

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

"In this breath-taking book, Emily Baum tells the story of how Chinese urbanites came to embrace Western psychiatric practice and biomedical conceptions of mental health. . . . Filled with fascinating insights concerning the co-evolution of society and the state, The Invention of Madness is a tour-de-force history of the ways in which madness was constantly created and reinvented by ordinary people on their own terms, medical pluralism both grounded and resulted from the transcultural negotiation of competing worldviews, and insanity served as the mirror reflection of those who sought a rational existence in the social and political turmoil of Republican China."

China Review International

"A historical narrative that is dynamic and remarkably kaleidoscopic. . . . The Invention of Madness is a pathbreaking work. As the first historical monograph on madness and psychiatry in modern China, it fills many long-extant knowledge gaps in an area that has thus far remained relatively unexplored. . . . With its rich findings and innovative framework, [it] will shed light on future research on mental illness and psychiatry in other major Republican cities as well as in other historical periods in modern and contemporary China. While the subject of the book may seem narrow and esoteric at first sight, it touches upon a wide range of issues and will interest scholars in fields as diverse as medical history, medical anthropology, urban history, and the study of everyday life. Mental health professionals can also learn about their discipline’s past from this beautifully written and accessible text. . . . It will be worthwhile to follow Baum’s lead and take a view that is at once close-up and panoramic to grasp the complexities of this new, evolving landscape."

Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review

"Baum's construction of 'madness' reveals the resilience of Chinese traditional medical practice. By focusing on mental health, an emerging but difficult field of modern Chinese history, Baum’s pathbreaking work demonstrates with remarkable clarity and conviction the complexity of China’s quest for 'hygienic modernity' from the late Qing to the 1930s. . . . Invite[s] us to contemplate again this rich, recent past to refresh our understanding of China’s modernity, an ongoing process of 'becoming.'"

Journal of Chinese History

"The very first monograph on madness and psychiatry in Republican China. . . . The narrative provides clear guidance through a complex history during which popular understandings of madness (and the institutions designed to manage it) changed quickly and dramatically. . . . [An] instructive survey."

CHOICE

"Employing abundant primary sources, [Baum] offers an insightful analysis of the madness problem and its ties with China’s nation building, state building, and society building. . . . Baum’s book presents a persuasive history of mental health in China that is skillfully grounded in the context of China's evolution as a nation and a society."

New Books in East Asian Studies

"Baum chronicles the transition from eclectic but largely family-centered premodern apprehensions and treatments of 'mad behaviors' to a more unified, biomedical, institutionalized view of madness that was intimately linked to questions of social control, political legitimacy, and the rubric of 'mental hygiene.' Along the way, this history of neuropsychiatry’s penetration of the administrative and social fabric of modern China examines topics including disjunctures between state and civil actors concerning new understandings and practices around mental illness, as well as the 'psychiatric entrepreneurs' who profited from—and sometimes helped to invent or define—new psychiatric conditions. Baum's careful unearthing of these tensions and innovations sheds informative light on the ways in which madness was invented not just as a top-down administrative or biomedical-neuropsychiatric project but in negotiation with a wide range of actors."

H-Disability

"Baum's insightful examination of the modernization of mental health in republican China provides an important step in furthering our knowledge of the interaction between mental health practice and modernity."

Carol A. Benedict, Georgetown University

“The Invention of Madness offers refreshing new perspectives on a topic that has been surprisingly understudied—the diverging ways in which mental illness was understood, managed, and experienced in China in the first half of the twentieth century. With well-crafted arguments that are vigorously supported by a wide array of archival sources, this excellent book is anchored by a deep and comprehensive bibliography of scholarship on modern Chinese history, the history of Chinese medicine, and the comparative history of psychology and psychiatry, and should find an audience among historians of medicine, psychology, and psychiatry as well as experts in the history of modern China.”

Richard C. Keller, University of Wisconsin-Madison

“This book makes significant headway toward illuminating our understanding of mental illness and healing in a period that was central to the emergence of the modern Chinese state. Emily Baum has identified important sources and developed a fascinating narrative that presents the formation of a recognizably modern psychiatry in China. She ably guides the reader through a complex history wrought by overwhelming transformations felt at elite and popular levels alike.”

Nicole Elizabeth Barnes | Twentieth-Century China

“The first English-language monograph on the history of madness in modern China, this book offers far more than a compelling story with new information. With clear writing and persuasive argumentation, Emily Baum argues that the treatment of ‘mad’ people and evolving understandings of madness reflect China’s engagement with Western medicine and science, as well as with modernity itself...Well written and deeply engaging, TheInventionofMadness will find a ready audience among specialists in Chinese history and the history of medicine. It is well suited for classroom adoption in either of these fields, at undergraduate and graduate levels. I have already included it on the syllabus for my history of Chinese medicine course.“

Social History of Medicine

"[A] smart, brisk book...The Invention of Madness deserves a wide readership."

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