Indians of North America
Second Edition
9780226164670
9780226221304
Indians of North America
Second Edition
The art of reconstructing civilizations from the artifacts of daily life demands integrity and imagination. Indians of North America displays both in its description of the enormous variation of culture patterns among Indians from the Arctic to Panama at the high points of their histories—a variation which was greater than that among the nations of Europe.
For this second edition, Harold Driver made extensive revisions in chapter content and organization, incorporating many new discoveries and interpretations in archeology and related fields. He also revised several of the maps and added more than 100 bibliographical items. Since the publication of the first edition, there has been an increased interest in the activities of Indians in the twentieth century; accordingly, the author placed much more emphasis on this period.
For this second edition, Harold Driver made extensive revisions in chapter content and organization, incorporating many new discoveries and interpretations in archeology and related fields. He also revised several of the maps and added more than 100 bibliographical items. Since the publication of the first edition, there has been an increased interest in the activities of Indians in the twentieth century; accordingly, the author placed much more emphasis on this period.
Table of Contents
Preface
1. Origin and Prehistory
The First Farmers
Civilization
2. Culture Areas
3. Language
Phonology
Grammar
Language and Culture
Classification
Language Areas and Culture Areas
Writing
4. Substance Patterns
Areal Survey
Natural Vegetation Areas
Domesticated Animals
Population
5. Horticulture
Maize
Other Plants
Tools and Techniques of Farming
Conclusions
6. Other Aspects of Subsistence
Hunting
Fishing
Wild Plant Foods
Food Preparation and Preservation
Nutrition
Social and Religious Aspects
Conclusions
7. Narcotics and Stimulants
Tobacco
Alcoholic Beverages
Major Narcotics
Minor Narcotics
8. Housing and Architecture
Dominant House Types
Comparative Analysis
Sweathouses
Architecture
9. Clothing
Major Styles
Geographical Distributions
Division of Labor
10. Crafts
Weaving
Pottery
Skin Dressing
Metallurgy
Division of Labor
11. Art
Areal Survey
General Remarks on Visual Art
12. Music and Dance
By Wilhelmine Driver
13. Exchange and Trade
Gift and Ceremonial Exchange
Trade
Conclusions
14. Marriage and the Family
Infant or Child Betrothal
Premarital Mating
Ways of Acquiring a Spouse
Incest Taboos and Exogamy
Cousin Marriage
Affinal Marriage
Polygamy
Postnuptial Residence
The Family
15. Larger Kin Groups and Kinship Terminology
Lineages, Sibs, Moieties, Phratries
Clans and Demes
Kinship Terminology
The Origin of Unilateral Descent
16. Property and Inheritance
Land Tenure
Ownership and Inheritance of Dwellings
Ownership and Inheritance of Chattels
Incorporeal Property
17. Government and Social Controls
Areas without True Political Organization
Areas with Borderline and Mixed Systems
Areas with Tribal Organization in the Historic Period
The State
Summary and Conclusions
18. Violence Feuds, Raids, and War
Absence of True Warfare
Weak or Mixed Patterns of Warfare
Well-Developed Warfare
Human Sacrifice and Cannibalism
Economic Conquest and Human Sacrifice
Conclusions
19. Rank and Social Classes
Minimal Development of Status and Rank
Northwest Coast System
Systems Adjacent to Northwest Coast
Complex Systems of Meso-America
Systems Derived in Part from Meso-America
Conclusions
20. Sodalities and Their Ceremonies
Inconsequential Sodality Organization
Relatively Important Sodalities
Greatest Elaboration of Sodalities
Summary and Conclusions
21. Life Cycle
Birth and Infancy
Puberty
Death
Summary and Conclusions
22. Education
Discipline
Praise and Ridicule
Free Imitation and Directed Learning
The Markers of Maturity
Personal Names
Visions Quest and Spirit Helper
Education among the Aztecs
23. Religion, Magic, and Medicine
The Gods and Priests of the Aztecs
The Magic and Medicine Men of the Navaho
The Forgiving Creeks
The Vision Quest of the Sanpoil
The Possessional Shamanism of the Eskimo
Conclusions
24. Personality and Culture
The Controversial Pueblos
The Egocentric Northwest Coast Men
The Manly-Hearted Plains People
The Pseudo-Apollonians of the Sub-Arctic
The Aggressive but Insecure Iroquoians
The Ambivalent Eskimo
The Negative Meso-American Commoners
Conclusions
25. History and Culture Change in Mexico
26. Indian-White Relations in the United States
27. Indian Culture Change in the United States
28. History and Culture Change in Canada, Alaska, and Greenland
Canada
Alaska
Greenland
29. Achievements and Contributions
Plates
Bibliography
Index
1. Origin and Prehistory
The First Farmers
Civilization
2. Culture Areas
3. Language
Phonology
Grammar
Language and Culture
Classification
Language Areas and Culture Areas
Writing
4. Substance Patterns
Areal Survey
Natural Vegetation Areas
Domesticated Animals
Population
5. Horticulture
Maize
Other Plants
Tools and Techniques of Farming
Conclusions
6. Other Aspects of Subsistence
Hunting
Fishing
Wild Plant Foods
Food Preparation and Preservation
Nutrition
Social and Religious Aspects
Conclusions
7. Narcotics and Stimulants
Tobacco
Alcoholic Beverages
Major Narcotics
Minor Narcotics
8. Housing and Architecture
Dominant House Types
Comparative Analysis
Sweathouses
Architecture
9. Clothing
Major Styles
Geographical Distributions
Division of Labor
10. Crafts
Weaving
Pottery
Skin Dressing
Metallurgy
Division of Labor
11. Art
Areal Survey
General Remarks on Visual Art
12. Music and Dance
By Wilhelmine Driver
13. Exchange and Trade
Gift and Ceremonial Exchange
Trade
Conclusions
14. Marriage and the Family
Infant or Child Betrothal
Premarital Mating
Ways of Acquiring a Spouse
Incest Taboos and Exogamy
Cousin Marriage
Affinal Marriage
Polygamy
Postnuptial Residence
The Family
15. Larger Kin Groups and Kinship Terminology
Lineages, Sibs, Moieties, Phratries
Clans and Demes
Kinship Terminology
The Origin of Unilateral Descent
16. Property and Inheritance
Land Tenure
Ownership and Inheritance of Dwellings
Ownership and Inheritance of Chattels
Incorporeal Property
17. Government and Social Controls
Areas without True Political Organization
Areas with Borderline and Mixed Systems
Areas with Tribal Organization in the Historic Period
The State
Summary and Conclusions
18. Violence Feuds, Raids, and War
Absence of True Warfare
Weak or Mixed Patterns of Warfare
Well-Developed Warfare
Human Sacrifice and Cannibalism
Economic Conquest and Human Sacrifice
Conclusions
19. Rank and Social Classes
Minimal Development of Status and Rank
Northwest Coast System
Systems Adjacent to Northwest Coast
Complex Systems of Meso-America
Systems Derived in Part from Meso-America
Conclusions
20. Sodalities and Their Ceremonies
Inconsequential Sodality Organization
Relatively Important Sodalities
Greatest Elaboration of Sodalities
Summary and Conclusions
21. Life Cycle
Birth and Infancy
Puberty
Death
Summary and Conclusions
22. Education
Discipline
Praise and Ridicule
Free Imitation and Directed Learning
The Markers of Maturity
Personal Names
Visions Quest and Spirit Helper
Education among the Aztecs
23. Religion, Magic, and Medicine
The Gods and Priests of the Aztecs
The Magic and Medicine Men of the Navaho
The Forgiving Creeks
The Vision Quest of the Sanpoil
The Possessional Shamanism of the Eskimo
Conclusions
24. Personality and Culture
The Controversial Pueblos
The Egocentric Northwest Coast Men
The Manly-Hearted Plains People
The Pseudo-Apollonians of the Sub-Arctic
The Aggressive but Insecure Iroquoians
The Ambivalent Eskimo
The Negative Meso-American Commoners
Conclusions
25. History and Culture Change in Mexico
26. Indian-White Relations in the United States
27. Indian Culture Change in the United States
28. History and Culture Change in Canada, Alaska, and Greenland
Canada
Alaska
Greenland
29. Achievements and Contributions
Plates
Bibliography
Index