Earl Jeffrey Richards is Professor of Romance Literatures at the Bergische Universität Wuppertal. He has written extensively on Christine de Pizan and translated her Book of the City of Ladies in 1982. In addition to his works on prominent German Romance scholars, he has published studies devoted to the creative interfaces between high and low culture in late medieval Marian devotion. He has recently co-edited a collection of essays on Relics, Identity, and Memory in Medieval Europe (2016).