Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905) was a religious scholar, jurist, and liberal reformer, who led the late nineteenth-century movement in Egypt and other Muslim countries to revitalize Islamic teachings and institutions in the modern world. As mufti (Islamic legal counselor) for Egypt, he effected reforms in Islamic law, administration, and higher education and, although resisted by conservatives, broke the rigidity of Muslim ritual, dogma, and family ties. His writings include Treatise on the Oneness of God and a commentary on the Quran.